What does it all mean, By Nagel Essay Example

What does it all mean, By Nagel Essay What does it all mean by Nagel is often referred to as the little book of philosophy amongst critics. This is because the book gives the reader a compact overview of all the fundamental constituents of philosophy such as the dualism of the mind and the body and more complex topics such as the meaning of the existence of man and his consciousness. The attribute that differentiates Nagel’s work from other works on introductions to philosophy and its content is that Nagel uses language that welcomes the new student of philosophy in to the subject. We see this book as one that allows the layman to acquire a basic knowledge of what to expect in further studies into philosophy (Nagel, 1987). The introductory chapter allows for a gentle entrance into the world of philosophy and welcomes the reader to the nature of questions that are to follow in the study of philosophy. In â€Å"How Do We Know Anything?† the second chapter, Nagel states that the world around us is the reality because we can study it and substantiate it, and similarly all the constituents of the world and all the theories are true only if they can be studied and substantiated for their content. In the third chapter â€Å"Other Minds†, Nagel is of the opinion that if one person finds a particular external stimulus pleasant, it is not reasonable to conclude that the next person receives the stimulus with the same interest since the only way for the first person to have come to a conclusion regarding the stimulus is through experiencing it In Chapter 4, ‘The Mind-Body Problem’, Nagel presents to the reader the direct union between the mind and the human consciousness and concludes t hat in order for consciousness to experience an event, the brain has to receive a stimulus. In Chapter 5, Nagel talks about the perceptions of the words we use and the names we give to the elements of the world around us and if the words we use are truly of any significance or not. In Chapter 6, Nagel argues upon the free will that we exercise and whether or not our will actually is independent and if it is of any actual significance. In Chapter 7, ‘Right and Wrong’, Nagel criticizes the definitions of right and wrong that man uses to manage the day to day activities of his life and questions the legitimacy of those definitions. In Chapter 8, ‘Justice’, Nagel argues upon the justice and inequality of the universe that man dwells in that is beyond the control of man himself. He argues whether it is correct to oppose the occurrence of events of such uncontrollable nature. Chapter 9 discusses the bleakness of Death and the perception that we have for it and th e question of it really being that we believe it to be. In Chapter 10, ‘The Meaning of Life, Nagel hits on a chord that is the most sought after in all segments of society. Nagel argues over the reality of the meaning, existence and expectation of life. We will write a custom essay sample on What does it all mean, By Nagel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What does it all mean, By Nagel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What does it all mean, By Nagel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nagel uses his trademark method of writing that inspires inquisition in the minds of the reader and allows the reader an opportunity to get a taste of the levels of realization that the subject has to offer and does so without confusing the reader through jargon.

Helping the Private Sector to Achieve and Maintain Infrastructure Security

Helping the Private Sector to Achieve and Maintain Infrastructure Security The infrastructure security has always been on the highest level for the US government. Still, the September 11, 2001 was the breaking point which is considered to be the start for heightened interest in critical infrastructure protection, both in public and in private sectors. To understand the main purpose of the research, it is crucial to check the main notions which are going to be considered, critical infrastructure in private sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Helping the Private Sector to Achieve and Maintain Infrastructure Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Critical infrastructure is the notion which identifies physical and computer-based systems, like telecommunications, banking, transportation, water and energy resources, etc. The private sector of the country’s economy is characterized by the organizations which are not controlled by the state, like private firms, companies, banks and ot her private non-government organizations (Radvanovsky and McDougall 5). Thus, the main purpose of the research is to consider the main security strategies the private sector uses in the relation to the protection of critical infrastructures. The USA has a Department of Homeland Security which helps the private sector to cope with the problems it may face. Critical Infrastructure Protection Challenges for Private Sector There are a number of different challenges a private sector should cope with the purpose to organize critical infrastructure protection properly. There are a number of different normative laws which are aimed at analyzing those challenges and offering some decisions to solve them. Considering the challenges in addressing cybersecurity, the following key ones may be identified: the organizational stability should be achieved, the roles and capacities of the cybersecurity should be considered and the awareness should be increased, the efficient partnership with stakehol ders should be considered, the information exchange should be on the high level (Powner 12). Private sector also faces other challenges, like securing control systems. One the one hand, technological innovations are involved in the sphere and allow specialists to control the process by means of different facilities. On the other hand, the specialized security technologies for control systems are not invented yet due to a number of reasons. Moreover, there are some ideas that securing control systems are not justified economically that create some problems. Finally, the security control systems may become the issue for conflicts on the basis of the priority notion (Dacey 18).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are a number of challenges private sector faces in the informational sphere. National Infrastructure Protection Center is the organization that helps the private se ctor cope with those challenges as the establishment of the correct information-sharing relations with the state is the first step for dealing with the problem. These challenges should be faced both by the private sector and by the Department of Homeland Security, even though it is the state institution, the security is going to be on the highest level in the private sector only when the government supports it. Introduction to Threat and Risk Analysis Models To conduct the critical infrastructure protection properly and on the highest level, the risk assessment in the sphere should be provided. Risk management and critical infrastructure protection in the private sector should be conducted on the basis of the assessment, integration, and management of such facilities as threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences. To conduct the risk assessment in the private sector, the following steps should be considered in this succession: The identification of the most critical infrastructures, Identification, evaluation and assessment of the threats, Consideration of the vulnerability of those critical assets, Specification of expected risks along with the expected consequences, The next stages should be followed to prioritize risk reduction activities. That is, the specialists should state and evaluate the ways aimed at reducing the risks which have already been highlighted and prioritize risk reduction by means of the risk reductions strategy. The private sector should collaborate with the government with the purpose to be aware of the innovations in the critical infrastructure protection field and to count on the state and its help. The role of the government in the security of the private sector is crucial. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 and other administration documents are directed at helping the private sector to cope with the threats and minimize the risks to minimum. Basic Principles for Critical Infrastructure Protection The fundamental principles for crit ical infrastructure protection may be based on the CARVER method. This method is based on six factors which influence the efficiency of the procedure. CARVER method is a military strategy which is used for identifying the targets for the attacks. It is reasonable to consider these principles for identifying the threats in the private sector directed at critical infrastructure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Helping the Private Sector to Achieve and Maintain Infrastructure Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This method should be used to prioritize the targets which are considered to be the most vulnerable. Thus, the CARVER method is based on the following components, Criticality, Assessibility, Return, Vulnerability, Effect, and Recognizability. The main principle of this method is to identify the infrastructure with the highest value and to try to protect it by much attempt. The main idea of the criticality is to identify the target which plays crucial role in the achieving the goal and the elimination of which will put a private company much behind. The accessibility means that the company should consider whether the target easily reached or not. The critical infrastructure protection means high level of security and low level of accessibility. The company should check the return capacity of all the critical infrastructures and pay more attention to those which capacity to return is lower. The vulnerability of the target is really essential. The company should try to organize the work in such a way that all objects and targets which may be considered as vulnerable should be protected better. The effects should always be predicted. It is important for the private company to understand the outcomes of the threat in order to prevent those in case of any problems. It is also important to understand that the recognizability of the critical infrastructure is also essential. The private sect or should protect its points with the purpose to reduce the risk for the target to be recognized by the competitor and either copied or destroyed (Pavlina n/p). Vulnerability Analysis Models Using the vulnerability analysis model, the company should follow the next steps to make sure that the competing agents are not going to reach the critical infrastructure and are not able to violate the company security. It may be concluded that the main purpose of the vulnerability analysis is to check and reduce the systems which may be available for natural and man-made damages. Thus, the steps one should follow to complete this method are: a) to identify the gaps and research needs in the sector, b) to check the competitors which may be suspected in organizing the attack, and c) to develop the strategies aimed at reducing the threat. The main purpose of this model is to encourage businessmen and entrepreneurs to protect their strategic objects better or, vice versa, to find faults in the cri tical infrastructure protection of the competitors and to use the information to combat them on the business arena (Catlin and Kautter 3).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction to CI/KR Dependencies and Interdependencies The Department of Homeland Security has identified the Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CI/KR) which are protected by the government no matter whether public or private sector is involved in the affair. It is obvious that DHS cannot cope with all the CI/KR, so there are a number of other departments which help. To provide an effective protection of the CI/KR, the public and private sectors should establish good relationships based on the ideas and information exchanges, security planning with sharing the best practices, the coordinating structures should be perfectly established, the collaboration with the international community is important as well as the building of public awareness. The DHS identifies the following CI/KR: agriculture and food, commercial facilities, dams, energy, information technology, postal and shipping, banking and finance, communication, defense industrial base, transportation systems, chemi cal, critical manufacturing, emergency services, healthcare, nuclear reactions, materials and wastes, and water (â€Å"Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources†). If any of those CI/KR are involved into private sector, the company managers should care greatly of its security. Concepts of Continuity Of Operations (COOP) Plans and Continuity Of Government (COG) Continuity of operations is the notion which may be defined as a government effort to make sure that Primary Mission Essential Functions are going to work in spite of any incidents, including natural disasters, technological attacks and other accidents. The main purpose of COOP is to make the private sector, which deals with CI/KR, continue its work no matter what is happening in the country. The Continuity of Operations (COOP) Plan is a map for implementing the program designed by the Continuity Program (FEMA n/p). The Continuity of Government (COG) is defined as the necessity for the government and all its structures and operations to function without paying attention to any of the incidents which happen in the country. The main purpose of the COG is to provide the constitutional protection to the citizens of the country and the constitutional form of the government (FEMA n/p). In conclusion it should be stated that the proper functioning of the government is possible only in case if the private and public sectors work together and are able to collaborate with each others. It is crucial to understand that the critical infrastructure of the company should be properly protected. This means that the CARVER method should be applied to make sure that the cyber systems as well as other engineering systems are properly protected. The vulnerability analysis is really helpful for maintaining security in the critical infrastructure. The Continuity of Operations (COOP) and the Continuity of Government (COG) are the document which state that all systems and projects essential for the state should function, no matter what is happening in the country. Catlin, Michelle and Donald Kautter. â€Å"An Overview of the Carver Plus Shock Method for Food Sector Vulnerability Assessments.† Federal state department of agriculture 18 July 2007. Print. â€Å"Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources.† Department of Homeland Security. 2010. Web. Dacey, Robert F. â€Å"Critical Infrastructure Protection: Challenges and Efforts to Secure Control Systems.† United States Government Accountability Office 30 March 2004. Print. FEMA. 2010. Web. Pavlina, Steve. â€Å"How to Prioritize.† Pavlina LLC May 22, 2007. Web. Powner, David A. â€Å"Critical Infrastructure Protection: Challenges in Addressing Cybersecurity.† United States Government Accountability Office 19 July 2005. Print. Radvanovsky, Robert and Allan McDougall. Critical Infrastructure: Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2010. Print.

Challenges for Distance Learning Research Paper

Challenges for Distance Learning - Research Paper Example And, at the same time, geographic constraints and limited economic resources and increasing demand from students to get education at times that are accessible and convenient taking into account their personal commitments and busy schedules have further necessitated to avail this method of education(Roberts, 1998). The geographic constraints are mostly faced by those who live in developing countries and where the educational graph is below the standard under the international education ranking system; in which teaching and learning systems are ill-equipped and insufficient to deliver their expected educational objectives. Aggregately, both sides of education- teaching and learning- are not updated as they should be. As a result, they become inadequate to meet the educational objectives. Besides, the cost of obtaining education does not remain the same; it is constantly increasing with the passage of time. The issue of bearing educational expenses is also being faced by students both i n the developed and developing countries as well. ... Distance learning Moore and Kearsley (1996, p 2) defines distance education as planned learning normally occurring in a different place from teaching and consequently requires special techniques of course design, special methods of communication via electronic and other type of technology, particular instructional techniques, as well as special administrative and organizational arrangements. Godschalk & Lacey (2001, pp, 476) further clearly defines distance education as a process of teaching and learning that considerably depends on (1) a mode of delivery that can be availed anytime and anywhere facilitating the needs of individual students; (2) selective use of communication tools helping self-learning as well as group learning experiences and (3) collaborative learning approaches that provide assistance to student-to-faculty and student-to-student interaction. This entire process of learning requires efforts and commitment from both sides-teaching and learning. The teaching side is required to deliver its part of commitment by providing the required type of teaching approaches that could be easily understood and at the same be retained by the leaning side. The learning side must ensure that it properly understands the entire mechanism of learning. if the learning does not understand the entire process, it would be very difficult for both sides to ensure achieving the required educational objectives and as a result many compromises would start appearing from the learning side. Additionally, in order to ensure the attainment of educational objectives, the learning side, which is represented by students, must ensure that it is fully conversant with the use of technology and its related applications facilitating the entire learning process. And at

Comparison of health and safety aspects between Bahrain & UK Essay

Comparison of health and safety aspects between Bahrain & UK - Essay Example This research paper identified the main reasons as to why OSH regulations and standards in Bahrain are not at par with that of United Kingdom. The research paper also identified the main problems that face Bahraini OSH standards. The paper has also given some suggestions with regard to improving OSH standards in construction sites. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 4 2.RESEARCH OBJECTIVES/AIMS 5 3.RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT 5 4.LITERATURE REVIEW 7 4.1 Hazards and risks associated with construction of sites 7 4.1.1 Factors that increase risks in construction sites 7 4.1.2 Types of health and safety hazards associated with construction sites 8 4.2 Occupational Health and Safety in construction sites in Bahrain 10 4.2.1 Reasons why Occupational Health and Safety in construction sites in Bahrain are not in at par with those of United Kingdom 10 4.2.2 Current status Health and Safety in construction sites in Bahrain 12 4.3 Occupational Health and Safety in construction sites in United King dom 14 5.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18 5.2Primary Data Collection 19 5.3Secondary Data Collection 19 6.RESEARCH RESULTS 20 6.1 Primary Data analysis 20 6.1.2 Responses from Bahrain 20 6.1.3 Responses from United Kingdom 27 7.ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS 30 7.1 Comparison of OSH aspects in United Kingdom and United Kingdom of Bahrain 30 7.2 Risk Management 33 7.2.1 Risk Assessment and Management in Construction sites in United Kingdom 34 7.2.1 Risk Assessment and Management in Construction sites in Bahrain 35 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 36 9. CONCLUSION 36 10. References 38 1. INTRODUCTION Working in construction sites is amongst the most hazardous occupations in the entire Universe. This is due to the fact that workers in these construction sites are at great risks of being exposed to various health hazards (Sambidge 2009). These hazards may result into workers’ disability, injury, death or illness (DOSH 2011).Another factor that makes working in these construction sites even worse is that protecting workers against these hazards is amongst the greatest challenge facing the managementof these construction sites.The challenge of protecting workers against these hazards is due the risks involved, anddynamic nature of construction activities(DOSH 2011). Due to hazards in involved in construction sites and activities, construction occupational safety and health have been developed by various nations and internationally. Even though it is the responsibility of every construction company in every country to ensure that the safety and health of its workers are upheld, the standards at which th

Grammy Nominees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grammy Nominees - Essay Example The lyrics to this powerful melody are pleading, calming and contemplative. They are words the audience identifies with easily. The signature banjo beat adopted in the song gives it a developed alternative rock sound (Natasha, 1). The band remains true to their sound while capturing a wide fan base. The use of upbeat instruments creates hope for the rather sorrowful lyrics. This is especially appropriate as the song it titled, â€Å"I will wait†. Snoop Dog & Wiz Khalifa featuring Bruno Mars deliver â€Å"Young, Wild and Free† in a simplified manner that earns the song the top vote in the Rap category. The song contains one of the most catchy choruses of the year behind that of â€Å"We are Young† by Fun. Bruno Mars’ vocal infusion to the chorus softens the track. The collaborative effort between Wiz Khalifa and Snoop is blended, continuous and refined. The song is memorable beyond several hip hop songs. Miguel captures the attention of the world with his song â€Å"Adorn†. It gets the best R&B song as a result of its soulful feel. The song is intimate and sincere. The video delivers the songs most powerful elements alongside Miguel’s powerful voice. The song’s quality makes it a track that will remain relevant for several years to come. It elevates Miguel from an underdog R&B singer to a top performer. â€Å"Even if it Breaks your Heart† by Eli Young Band wins the Best Country Song. The track depicts the essence of optimism and resilience in failure. It is a great lesson for the audience. The track is well developed with great musical instruments and vocals. The winning point for the song is the poetic lyrics that pushes composition boundaries (Dukes, 1). The Best Gospel Song vote goes to Marvin Sapp with his song, â€Å"My Testimony†. It is an autobiographical account of the singer’s struggle with the death of his wife following a long battle with cancer. The song is soulful, hopeful and inspiring. The powerful lyrics captivate the listener

Equity in Oral Health Care

Equity in Oral Health Care Health equity is based mainly on logic and moral values. It is defined as differences in health that are unnecessary, avoidable, unfair and unjust The Baylor Health Care System has highlighted six aims with the acronym STEEEP to increase the quality of health care delivered. These are Safety, Timeliness, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Equity and Patient-centeredness. Of these, equity is one aspect which has received less priority(1). Health equity should not be mistaken with health inequality though both words have sometimes been used interchangeably. Inequality can be expressed in quantitative terms while equity is explained in terms of moral values and is more of an ethical principle because every individual has the right to health. A more operational definition of health equity is the absence of systematic disparities in health (or its social determinants) between more and less advantaged social groups. Why oral health demands equity Oral health enables a person to perform some basic functions like eating, speaking and socializing. It is widely known that mouth is regarded as the mirror of the human body because oral health is so closely relate to systemic health. Poor oral health and presence of oral diseases indirectly affects quality of life due to the pain experienced and the inability to perform day-to-day activities. It also leads to loss of man hours thereby leading to a decrease in earning and productivity. But it is still unknown to large segments of the population that oral diseases are to a great extent preventable and can be adequately treated if diagnosed early and thus oral health inequity is largely avoidable. Equity in health care depends mainly on the health care system existing in the country. Before we go into oral health â€Å"inequity† in India, let’s first consider oral health care infrastructure in India. Oral health care in India is delivered by the following methods Government organizations Government Dental Colleges Government Medical Colleges and Dental Wing District Hospitals with Dental Unit Community Health Centers Primary Health Centers. Non.governmental organizations Private Dental Colleges Private Medical Colleges with Dental Wing Corporate Hospitals with Dental Units. Private practitioners Private dental practitioners Private dental hospitals Private medical hospitals with dental units. Indigenous systems Ayurveda Siddha Unani Homeopathy(2) To elaborate, oral health care delivery in India starts at the grass root levels with community health workers and anganwadi workers who are trained in providing basic oral health awareness to the people of rural areas. Then, there is the sub-centres in rural areas which is equipped with a rural health care practitioner, midwifes and health workers. Next in line comes the Primary Health Centres (PHC) which has a dentist among other health care professionals. The next referral unit is the Community Health Centers (CHC) which is also equipped with a dentist. The higher center is Sub-district hospitals or taluk hospitals which are supposed to have specialist dentists also. This is followed by oral care given in district hospitals and dental colleges. This is the hierarchy seen in public health sector. In India, oral care is majorly delivered by private sector institutions which include solo/individual clinics, group practice, corporate/chain of dental clinic and private dental colleges. Reports say that more than 90% of oral care is delivered by this sector. Dentistry is also practiced in indigenous systems of medicines like Ayurveda, homeopathy, unani and siddha. To give a full picture of the oral care delivery systems in India, the mention of dental treatments given by unregistered dentists, quacks and street dentists also need to be done. Though no data is available, there is still a large number of people seeking oral care from these setups. In order to achieve equity in any type of health and health care, researchers have identified three major principles. They are: Equal access to health care for those who have equal needs Equal utilization of health care for those who have equal needs And, equal (or rather equitable) health outcomes (3) From the oral health point of view, let us examine these principles related to the Indian context. Equal access to health care for those who have equal needs Dental diseases are a significant burden in India with dental caries affecting 60-65% and periodontal disease affecting around 50-90% of the general population depending on age(4). Due to the high prevalence of these two conditions, the World Health Organization has considered them as global burdens. So the need for dental care is obvious. Access to health care is one of the primary requisites to achieve equity in health. Based on this principle, let’s examine the scenario in India. India has about 290 dental colleges with around 24,000 graduates passing out every year. According to the Dental Council of India, the number of dentists registered with the central/state dental council until the year 2012 stood at 120897. The number of dental surgeons serving in the government health centres in the year 2013 was about 5278 who covered an average population of 231827 persons per dental surgeon(5). Even with so many graduates coming out every year, basic oral care facilities are sti ll not available to a large section of the Indian population especially in the rural areas. This shows the wide disparity in delivery of oral health. Though India has substantially increased the health care facilities through various five-year plans, it is still inadequate considering the growth of private sector in health care. From a meager 8% in 1949, the private sector now contributes to 93% of hospitals and 85% of doctors in the country(6). Though this data shows an increase in health care availability in India, the question that remains to be answered is whether this mushrooming of private sectors addressed the health inequity issues. It is obvious that private health care facilities are concentrated mainly in urban areas catering to the needs of people enjoying a high socio-economic status. As a result of this, cost of health care has also gone up making it virtually impossible for people belonging low socio-economic status to afford health care. This is what we call the urban-rural divide. The same scenario exists for dental care which is generally perceived as ‘expensive’ by the common man. The exponential gr owth of private dental institutions in the country was seen as a boon which could ensure availability of basic dental care to all sections of the society. But sadly, present statistics don’t reflect the same view. It is seen that almost 62% of dental surgeons are registered and serving with dental councils of the high Human Resource for Health (HRH) production states (viz. Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Puducherry). Moreover, these states also have shown a profound increase in private dental colleges which are situated in and around urban and semi-urban areas. The dentist population ratio is the yard stick used to measure the availability of dental care to the people. The World Health Organization recommends a dentist population ratio of about 1:7500. In the present scenario in India, this ratio stands at 1:12,500(7). Though this information points towards a need for increase in dentist, a closer look at the reality brings out a different story. This is because, as mentioned earlier, the distribution of dentists is typically skewed which in effect brings this ratio to 1:9000 in urban areas and an alarming 1:2,00,000 in rural areas(8). This roughly states that around 80% of the dentists work in urban areas while 70% of India’s population live in rural areas(9). Reading further into these statistics we can make out that this ratio also doesn’t provide the actual picture. This ratio is calculated based on the number of dentists registered in the respective state councils which is actually a cumulative data. There could be severa l retired or expired dentists and non-practicing dentists, if excluded, could still worsen the situation. This by far, is the most important aspect of the inequity in oral health care the country faces. Equal utilization of health care for those who have equal needs Utilization of health care is a complex phenomenon and multifaceted human behavior. The determinants of oral health care can be classified as predisposing (socio-demographic factors like age, sex, occupation, and social network), enabling (transportation, income, and information), and need (perceived health or professionally assessed illness) factors(10). Though by service approach (camps and outreach programs), oral health care is provided to the people, the effective utilization of the same remains a question. The social component of oral diseases has been a major factor in this regard. If we have a comprehensive look at the admission rates at various levels of oral health care establishments, the above said factors like socio-demographic variables, access and most importantly the perceived need for oral care play a pivotal role. Let’s begin by looking at the various types of treatments provided by the oral health care establishments in the country. The posting of a dentist only begins from the level of Community Health Center. The sub-centers and Primary Health Centers who cater to about 3000 – 5000 and 20,000 – 50,000 of the population do not have a government appointed dentist in their ranks. Though some private educational institutions have adopted some PHC’s as a part of their community outreach programs, the coverage is still very deficient. A study conducted in Mangalore, Karnataka supports this fact where only 4 out of 21 PHC’s (19%) offered dental services and were managed by private dentists from nearby dental colleges(11). In a developing country like India where dental diseases are more prevalent in rural areas than the urban setting, the unavailability of dental care in sub-centers and PHC’s is in itself the biggest drawback in health care system of India . Without availability, the question of utilization does not arise or is insignificant. The 2012 Guidelines for Community Health Centers provided by the Government of India necessitates that each CHC be equipped with one dentist and a dental auxiliary(12). Sadly, even this basic requirement remains unfulfilled in most states across India. Thus, a population of 80,000 to 1,20,000 which a CHC is supposed to cover lack in oral care. Moreover, the sanctioned dentist in a CHC is with a qualification of a bachelor’s degree (BDS) thereby also causing a deficiency in specialist care. Though it is mentioned in the guidelines that treatments offered in CHC’s range from normal fillings, extractions, emergency care and root canal treatments; the absence of dental chair making it impossible to do treatments other than extractions and simple fillings. It can thus be deduced that very minimal treatment if at all; or only primary level of oral care can be provided by these centers. The situation looks slightly better in the secondary referral center which is the taluk and district hospitals. The Government of India prescribed guidelines state that dental services that can be availed form a district hospital include fillings, extractions, scaling and periodontal therapy, minor surgeries like impaction, orthodontic treatment, prosthetic rehabilitations and treatment of neoplasm(13). But the availability of these services only from the level of district hospital and above brings to the forefront one of the most important barrier in the utilization of health care; access. A study conducted in Virajpet, concluded that transport to the dentist was difficult which was regarded as a major barrier in the utilization of dental care. Secondary and tertiary level dental care available in the government set up is from dental colleges established by the Government. These colleges are markedly low in number (two colleges on an average in per state) compared to private institutions which makes it very difficult for people of low socio-economic class to avail specialist care. The makes people approach private dental care establishments like clinics, corporate/chain of clinics and private dental colleges for treatment. The fact that needs to be emphasized here that though all levels of dental care is available in these institutions, the affordability of this care stands a barrier for utilization of these services since they depend on out-of-pocket payment. The class of people utilizing this facility to get dental treatment thus gets restricted to people living with a high socio-economic status. Utilization of dental care does not end with the presence/absence of dental care facilities alone. As mentioned earlier, dental diseases have a social angle to it. One of the reasons for not utilizing dental care is the priority oral care has in people’s lives. Several studies have reported that people considered dental care was not important (2)(14). Parental ignorance about the importance of oral health leads to the presence of oral diseases like dental caries in a vast majority of children. Other studies have revealed that level of education and financial status also affect utilization of dental services. Lack of time, unpleasant experiences with the dentist, fear/anxiety of dental procedures are some of the other reasons behind people not utilizing dental care (virajpet reference). Equal/equitable health outcomes

XFL Excitment Or Excuse :: essays research papers

XFL: Excitement or Excuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football is something as American as apple pie. It is thought of as gritty, physical, and all around fun just as most Americans like to be thought of. For decades the NFL has dominated the world of football. However, Vince McMahon, the founder of the WWF, has introduced a new and controversial professional football league called the XFL. Much of the controversy is about whether the XFL is a force to be reckoned with or just another of McMahon’s clever marketing ploys. Although the XFL’s survival has been questioned by many, it promises to be a league full of the smash-mouth, trash-talking, fan-oriented football every fan deserves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, the league will succeed because it has been geared towards the fans from the beginning. In contrast, the NFL only seems to care about its premadonna, million dollar superstars. Chuck Miller, a columnist for Football Digest, points out the perfect timing for the league. It starts up right after the Super Bowl and ends right before the basketball and hockey postseasons (58). The XFL has implemented many new rules to increase the excitement of the game. No fair catches, no kicking for PATs, and no â€Å"safety† rules to protect the quarterback are just a few of the rules changed in hopes of creating a faster more competitive game. Secondly, there are cameras and microphones everywhere, including on the benches, in the huddles, and all over the field. This will give the fans a new and different perspective than the average NFL game. The locker rooms at half time, a referee’s huddle, and even a player’s brutal taunts to the opposing t eam which are usually off limits to the average fan add to the thrill and emotion of an XFL game. Also, the price of an average XFL ticket is around a reasonable twenty-five dollars. These cheap tickets to a new and certainly exciting professional football league have many people believing this is truly fan-based entertainment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason the XFL will survive and prosper is its business savvy. Vice McMahon, who established himself as the owner and founder of the WWF, has proved to be a marketing genius. In a 50-50 partnership with NBC, who pumped in 50 million dollars and marketing muscle, Vince is targeting 13-24 year old males for his new football league.This target audience of 13-24 year old males just happens to be the same target audience of his WWF, which should make cross promotions a breeze (Efferon 31).